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| operated by = ''SS-Totenkopfverbände'' | commandant = | original use = Extermination camp | construction = April 1942 – July 1942 | in operation = 22 July 1942 – October 1943 | gas chambers = 6 | prisoner type= mainly Jews | inmates = est. 1,000 ''Sonderkommando'' | killed = est. 700,000 – 900,000 | liberated by = Closed in late 1943 | notable inmates = * Samuel Willenberg }} | notable books = | website = }} Treblinka () was an extermination camp, built by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was located near the village of Treblinka north-east of Warsaw in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship. The camp operated between 23 July 1942 and 19 October 1943 as part of Operation Reinhard, the most deadly phase of the Final Solution. During this time, it is estimated that between 700,000 and 900,000 Jews were killed in its gas chambers, along with 2,000 Romani people. More Jews were killed at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp apart from Auschwitz. Managed by the German SS and the Eastern European ''Trawnikis'' (also known as ''Hiwi'' guards), the camp consisted of two separate units. Treblinka I was a forced-labour camp (''Arbeitslager'') whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the crematoria. Between 1941 and 1944, more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions, hunger, disease and mistreatment.〔 The second camp, Treblinka II, was an extermination camp (''Vernichtungslager''). A small number of men who were not killed immediately upon arrival became its Jewish slave-labour units called ''Sonderkommandos,'' forced to bury the victims' bodies in mass graves. These bodies were exhumed in 1943 and cremated on large open-air pyres along with the bodies of new victims. Gassing operations at Treblinka II ended in October 1943 following a revolt by the ''Sonderkommandos'' in early August. Several SS Hiwi guards were killed and 200 prisoners escaped from the camp; almost a hundred survived the subsequent chase.〔〔 The camp was dismantled ahead of the Soviet advance. A farmhouse for a watchman was built on the site and the ground ploughed over in an attempt to hide the evidence of genocide. In postwar Poland, the government bought most of the land where the camp had stood, and built a large stone memorial there between 1959 and 1962. In 1964 Treblinka was declared a national monument of Jewish martyrology in a ceremony at the site of the former gas chambers. In the same year the first German trials were held regarding war crimes committed at Treblinka by former SS members. After the end of communism in Poland in 1989, the number of visitors coming to Treblinka from abroad increased. An exhibition centre at the camp opened in 2006. It was later expanded and made into a branch of the Siedlce Regional Museum.〔〔 ==Background== Following the invasion of Poland in 1939 most of the 3.5 million Polish Jews were rounded up and put into newly established ghettos by Nazi Germany. The system was intended to isolate the Jews from the outside world in order to facilitate their exploitation and abuse. The supply of food was inadequate, living conditions were cramped and unsanitary, and the Jews had no way to earn money. Malnutrition and lack of medicine led to soaring mortality rates. The initial victories of the Wehrmacht over the Soviet Union inspired plans for the German colonisation of occupied Poland, including all territory within the General Government. At the Wannsee Conference held near Berlin on 20 January 1942, new plans were outlined for the genocide of the Jews, known as the "Final Solution" to the Jewish Question. The extermination programme was codenamed ''Aktion Reinhard'' in German, to differentiate it from the ''Einsatzgruppen'' operations in territories conquered by Nazi Germany, in which half a million Jews had already been killed. Treblinka was one of three secret extermination camps set up for Operation Reinhard; the other two were Bełżec and Sobibór. All three were equipped with gas chambers disguised as shower rooms, for the "processing" of entire transports of people. The lethal agent was established following a pilot project of mobile killing conducted at Soldau and Chełmno extermination camp that began operating in 1941 and used gas vans. Chełmno (German: ''Kulmhof'') was a testing ground for the establishment of faster methods of killing and incinerating people. It was not a part of Reinhard, which was marked by the construction of stationary facilities for mass murder. Treblinka was the third extermination camp of Operation Reinhard to be built, following Bełżec and Sobibór, and incorporated lessons learned from their construction. Alongside the Reinhard camps, mass killing facilities using Zyklon B were developed at the Majdanek concentration camp in March 1942〔 and at Auschwitz II-Birkenau in September. The Nazi plan to kill Polish Jews from across the General Government during ''Aktion Reinhard'' was overseen in occupied Poland by ''SS-Obergruppenführer'' Odilo Globocnik, the deputy of ''Reichsführer-SS'' Heinrich Himmler in Berlin. The Operation Reinhard camps reported directly to the Reich Main Security Office (German: ''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' or RSHA for short), which was also headed by Himmler. The staff of Operation Reinhard, most of whom had been involved in the Action T4 euthanasia programme, used T4 as a framework for the construction of facilities. All of the Jews who were killed in the Reinhard camps came from ghettos. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treblinka extermination camp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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